Arch Disorders
Flat Feet
Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is one of several terms to describe a painful, progressive flatfoot deformity in adults. Other terms include posterior tibial tendon insufficiency and adult acquired flatfoot.
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High Arches
The sole of the foot is distinctly hollow when bearing weight, due to an abnormally high medial longitudinal arch.
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Arthritis Disorders
Osteoarthritis
This condition is a degenerative joint disease, and is often called “wear-and-tear” arthritis, as opposed to rheumatoid arthritis, which is an auto-immune disorder.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
This condition is characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints of the foot, although it commonly affects other areas, especially the hands.
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Gout
Gout is a form of arthritis caused by too much uric acid in the blood, a condition which leads to uric crystals settling in a joint, usually the joint of the big toe.
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Bone Disorders
Sesamoiditis
Most bones in the human body are connected to each other at joints. But there are a few bones that are not connected to any other bone. Instead, they are connected only to tendons or are embedded in muscle. These are the sesamoids. The kneecap (patella) is the largest sesamoid. Two other very small sesamoids (about the size of a kernel of corn) are found in the underside of the forefoot near the great toe, one on the outer side of the foot and the other closer to the middle of the foot.
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Acute Fractures
Acute fractures are a result from a sudden injury to the foot. Can occur when a heavy object is dropped on the foot (ex. metatarsals.) Associated with falls from ladder (ex. calcaneus).
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Stress Fractures
Stiff shoes and shoes with high heels cause excessive stress to be placed on the metatarsals. These fractures occur in the weight-bearing bones of the foot, especially the metatarsals, and in the tibia and fibula.
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Diabetic Complications
Diabetic Neuropathy
Peripheral Neuropathy is a nerve condition that affects the arms, hands, legs, and feet. The most common form of peripheral neuropathy is due to diabetes.
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Foot Ulcers
Ulcerations are a result of a break down of the skin. Ulcerations are classified based upon their depth and their cause. Common ulcerations are due to diabetes, ischemia (poor circulation), and venous stasis (varicose veins).
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Heel Pain
Achilles Tendonitis
Achilles tendonitis is diagnosed by a history and physical examination of the patient who describes pain at the back of the ankle with walking and/or running activities. The pain generally will be associated with an increase in running or jumping intensity or frequency. The pain from Achilles tendonitis is often so severe that running is impossible and even walking is uncomfortable.
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Haglund's Deformity
The common cause of a painful bump on the back of the heel is called Hagland’s deformity. This is due to an enlarged bony prominence on the back of the heel. It can involve the entire back of the heel or just a portion of the back of the heel, usually on the outside portion of the heel.
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Heel Spurs
The most common form of heel pain is pain on the bottom of the heel. It tends to occur for no apparent reason and is often worse when first placing weight on the foot.
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Plantar Fasciitis
Over 95% of all heel pain is diagnosed as Plantar Fasciitis. This is best described as an inflammation of the ligament that runs from the heel to the ball of your foot and helps support your arch. The bottom or inside of your heel may hurt when you stand.
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Joint Disorders
Bunion Deformity
A bunion is an enlargement of bone at the great toe joint. Tight shoes don’t cause bunions, but they can aggravate them. Bunions are often inherited and become worse over time if left untreated they can cause pain, swelling, skin irritation and other foot problems.
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Cuboid Syndrome
Cuboid syndrome is a subluxation of the calcaneal-cuboid joint (CC joint).
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Tailor’s Bunion
This is an enlargement on the outside of the foot caused by the combination of the fifth metatarsal protruding outward and little toe moving inward. The condition is characterized by inflammation, pain and redness of the little toe.
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Hallux Rigidus
A form of degenerative arthritis in which bone spurs that affect the joint at the base of the big toe and the degeneration causes two problems – pain and loss of motion in the MTP joint.
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Nerve Disorders
Morton's Neuroma
A neuroma is the swelling of nerve that is a result of a compression or trauma. The pain can be described as burning, tingling or cramping with occasional shooting and numbness in the toes.
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Tarsal Tunnel
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome is due to compression of a nerve called the Posterior Tibial Nerve.The nerve passes into the foot from around the inside of the ankle just below the ankle bone. Just beyond this point, the nerve enters the foot by passing between a muscle and a bone in the foot. This area is called the Tarsal Tunnel.
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Ganglion Cyst
Although more common in the hand and wrist, ganglion cysts can also occur in the foot and ankle. A ganglion cyst is soft tissue lump that occurs around a joint or tendon. The condition is caused by leakage of fluid from the joint into the surrounding tissue.
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Metatarsalgia
Metatarsal pain, also known as a “stone bruise”, is a painful condition that affect the metatarsal region of the foot.
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Skin Disorders
Corns and Calluses
Corns and calluses are areas of thick skin that result form excessive pressure or friction over a boney prominence. When these areas develop on the bottom of the foot they are called calluses. When they occur on the top of the toes they are called corns. They can also occur between the toes, the back of the heels and the top of the foot. The thickening of the skin is a normal body response to pressure or friction.
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Plantar Warts
A plantar wart is a non-cancerous viral infections in the top layer of the skin on the sole of the foot. Plantar warts are very contagious and can easily be transmitted from one person to another by coming into direct contact with a wart or with something.
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Athlete’s Foot
This is a common and contagious fungal infection that can affect different areas of the foot, such as the bottom of the foot or the skin between the toes.
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Toe Disorders
Fungal Toenails
The most common cause of yellowed, thick and/or deformed toenails is a fungal infection of the toenail. The fungus that infects the nail, most commonly, is the same fungus that causes athletes foot. It tends to be slowly progressive, damaging the nail to a greater and greater degree over time. The infection usually starts at the tip of the nail and works its way back. It usually is not painful and often not noticed until it has gotten well established.
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Hammer Toes
Hammertoes are a contracture of the toes as a result of a muscle imbalance between the tendons on the top and the tendons on the bottom of the toe. They can be flexible or rigid in nature. When they are rigid, it is not possible to straighten the toe out by manipulating it.
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Ingrown Toenails
Ingrown toenails are due to the penetration of the edges of the nail plate into the soft tissue of the toe. It begins with a painful irritation that often becomes infected.
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Black Toenail
Also called “runner’s toe or “tennis toe”, this condition can be painful but not serious. Downward pressure leading to repetitive trauma leads to bleeding and pooling of blood underneath the nail plate.
